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Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete -Properties and Applications

Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Glass fiber reinforced concrete is an engineered material composed of the same ingredients required in the production of the concrete with the addition of the reinforcement of glass fiber in the concrete. GFRC comprises tiny discrete fibers that are consistently spread and haphazardly oriented. Initially, the use of glass fiber in the concrete was threatened because of the alkaline nature of both made it difficult to exist again the corrosion. The problem was solved by the use of anti-alkaline glass fiber.

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Glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) is a material that is building a substantial influence on the economics, technology, and aesthetics of the building industry worldwide for over 40 years. GFRC is one of the most multipurpose structure tools obtainable to architects and engineers Compared to old concrete, it has composite properties because of its unusual structure. Diverse constraints in the GFRC such as water-cement ratio, porosity, composite density, inter filler content, fiber content, orientation and length influence properties and behavior of GFRC as well as the accuracy of production method.

Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete

The properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete are dependent on the structure of the composite. The properties of the GFRC are the function of the concrete and anti-alkaline fiber used for the preparation. And then one needs to study the interaction of both-glass fiber and concrete. So, the structural properties of GFRC are all about the concert and fiber.

Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete
  • For the concrete, Glass fiber reinforced concrete mortars are typically applied in the thin pane which is working mainly for covering. In these applications, the fibers act as the primary reinforcement and their content is usually in the range of 5–15 % by volume.
  • For the fibers, there are two types of reinforcing; 3D and 2D. In the 2d GFRC, the level of fiber reinforcing is very incompetent, demanding very high loads of fibers. Naturally, only about 15 % of the fibers are leaning correctly. In 2d GFRC, The fibers are oriented haphazardly within a thin plane. As the fibers are scattered into the forms, they lay flat, settling to the shape of the form.

Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete

The effect on the mechanical properties of the concrete after the reinforcement of fiberglass can be categorized and summarized as shown in the table below.

No#Mechanical propertiesChange
1Compressive StrengthDue to reinforcement of fiber in the concrete, compressive strength increase.
2Modulus of ElasticityNo important effect of use GFRC.
3Stress–Strain CurveHighly effected
4Flexural StrengthGlass fiber increases the flexural strength of concrete.

 

The effect of the glass fiber reinforcement concrete on the physical properties of the structure is also undeniable.

No#Physical propertiesEffects/ Change
1CreepThe chances of cracking increases.
2PorosityThere are several micro-pores in the concrete. Special consideration must be applied during reinforcement of the fiber
3Chloride Penetration ResistanceIncrease in the fiber content increases the chlorine resistance.
4Electrical ResistivityCan decrease.

 

Ingredients of Glass Fiber Reinforced concrete

Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Glass Fiber Reinforced concrete has the reinforcement of the glass fiber in the concrete. Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete is, well, pretty much exactly what it sounds like: concrete reinforced with glass fibers. As in most composite ingredients, the fiber elements in GFRC can be wisely oriented, or casually distributed, in the solid matrix. So for the preparation of the GFRC, one has to start from the preparation of the concrete, and after there will be the spray of glass fiber on it. For the concrete, cement, sand or other aggregate and water is required. The fiber for the concrete is added about 4% to 6% by weight.

Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Applications of Glass Fiber Reinforced

Glass Fiber Reinforced concrete has been using in the various fields of life including industrial, medical textile, manufacturing, and building industry. GFRC has compound properties as paralleled to old concrete, because of its special structure. As a result of the structural properties, it has appropriate decoration, sturdy and durable structure. Moreover, because of being fast to connect and easy to handle and transport, it provides low cost.

concrete glass fibers

It scatters or absorbs sound and it is environmentally friendly Can be used for the noise control, GFRC can be used as the noise barrier; thick fiberglass in the concrete does not allow the noise to pass through it. In the Architectural industry, GFRC panels provide good aesthetics and high resistance to weathering and the fire and therefore very much suitable for the durability of the structures. Complex freeform architecture is one of the most striking trends in contemporary architecture. More resistance of the GFRC to the strains makes it usable in the interior of the houses.

Advantage of GFRC

  • GFRC’s service life is higher than traditional concrete
  • High–efficiency.
  • Environmentally–friendly,
  •  Cost–effective and building technology.
  • Flame resistant.
  • Resistant to strains
  • Resistant to fire
  • GFRC does not require any extra reinforcement.
  • 50–70 % lighter than traditional concrete

Disadvantages of GFRC

  • It is difficult to self–mix (requirement of special material)
  • Its cost is higher than that of traditional concrete.
  • Ductility is not available in the GFRC.

Video Of making GFRC-Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete

 

GFRC is one of the most multipurpose structure materials accessible to architects and engineers. It has added meaningfully to the economics, technology, and aesthetics of the building industry. Glass fiber reinforcement in the concrete makes it versatile in the use.

The use of GFRC is not new; its demand is increasing day by day. Sharing the good information is the virtue so keep sharing it.

You can also read

Spalling Bricks : Spalling Brick Cause and Repair

Spalling Concrete: Spalling Concrete Causes ,prevention and Repair

Reference and Related Research:

1.Kim, Junhee & You, Young-Chan. (2015). Composite Behavior of a Novel Insulated Concrete Sandwich Wall Panel Reinforced with GFRP Shear Grids: Effects of Insulation Types. Materials. 8. 899-913. 10.3390/ma8030899.

2.Harle, Shrikant. (2014). COMPARISON OF GLASS FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE & GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE WITH GLASS FIBER REINFORCEMENT. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology. 03. 263-265. 10.15623/ijret.2014.0301045.

3.https://www.slideshare.net/bhavinshah80/glass-fiber-reinforced-concrete-53784748

4.Toutanji, H. A., & Saafi, M. (2000). Flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. Structural Journal, 97(5), 712-719.

5.Beaudoin, J. J. (1990). Handbook of fiber-reinforced concrete. Principles, properties, developments and applications.

6.Benmokrane, B., Wang, P., Ton-That, T. M., Rahman, H., & Robert, J. F. (2002). Durability of glass fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcing bars in concrete environment. Journal of Composites for Construction, 6(3), 143-153.

7.De Luca, A., Matta, F., & Nanni, A. (2010). Behavior of full-scale glass fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete columns under axial load. ACI Structural Journal, 107(5), 589.

8.Shah, S. P., Ludirdja, D., Daniel, J. I., & Mobasher, B. (1988). Toughness-durability of glass fiber reinforced concrete systems. ACI Materials journal, 85(5), 352-360.

9.Kizilkanat, A. B., Kabay, N., Akyüncü, V., Chowdhury, S., & Akça, A. H. (2015). Mechanical properties and fracture behavior of basalt and glass fiber reinforced concrete: An experimental study. Construction and Building Materials, 100, 218-224.

10.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0731684405058273

11.https://www.rnbco.org/glass-fiber-reinforced-concrete-gfrc/

 

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Bricks

Spalling Bricks : Spalling Brick Cause and Repair

What is Spalling Bricks ?

Spalling of bricks is mainly due to moisture content either injected from outside or the inner moisture content crosses the water-bearing capacity of brick, results in breaking of bricks- spalling of bricks. In another way, spalling bricks are the result of water freezing and defrosting inside, which deteriorates the brick.

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Brick is amazingly durable and an excellent insulator, which is why it’s so widely used and has been for centuries. But the problem with bricks comes when it undergoes the spalling. It causes the brick to misplace its uppermost coating. Spalling bricks are more of a delinquent in areas with temperature excesses, and particularly in areas where there are frequent freeze-thaw cycles.

Spalling Brick causes

There are various causes of brick spalling. To increases the life span and durability of bricks, one needs to study the causes of spalling bricks. Various causes of spalling bricks are as follows:

  1. Leading cause of the brick spalling that plays an immense role in the brick deterioration is the water. Water can enter the bricks in a number of ways. If rainwater hit the surface of bricks continually, it will eventually begin to degrade brickwork. Water reacts with the constituents present in the bricks and deteriorates it badly. If one lives in a cold zone the absorbent exterior of bricks permits water to engross and when the water freezes, the brick can swell and crack.
  2. Water helps in bricks spalling as it can penetrate a brick from above over a settled mortar joint and causes the face to break off.
  3. The other leading cause of the spalling bricks is the too high and too dense mortar in the cement content. If it is too much dense, Mortar present in the cement over the brick will not allow the brick to expand as enough as it needs. Because of this, stress forms up in the interior of the brick because the mortar doesn’t let the wetness outflow to the exterior of the brick where it can vaporize. That’s why brick undergoes spalling due to pressure.

Disadvantage of spalling Bricks

Some leading disadvantages of spalling bricks include:

  1. Spalling bricks weaken the surface of the structure.
  2. Pressure absorbing capacity of the wall decreases due to spalling bricks.
  3. Due to spalling bricks, Water can enter between the wall and surface which leads to deterioration of the whole structure.
  4. Spalling bricks can worsen the exquisiteness of the structure.

How to prevent spalling Bricks

Preventions are always better than the cure. Here are some common prevention tips to counter the spalling of bricks.

  • Check the original cause of the brick spalling.
  • Identify the source of water seepage in the structure.
  • Install a proper water drainage system in the house structure.
  • Cement over the bricks should carry less dense and thick mortar.

If one follows these steps carefully, there will be no spalling bricks. If one has any spalling bricks than there are different spalling Brick Treatment

Spalling Bricks repairs or Treatment

spalling Bricks

If the treatment is too late, then one must go to the repair of spalling bricks. Repair of the spalling bricks almost begins from identifying the source of the problem. Major spalling brick treatment includes the repair if the moisture source. Spalling bricks treatment can be done by the replacement of the damaged bricks. Well, this step needs more considerations, as the treatment of the spalling bricks should not destroy the whole structure. Misting of the existing mortar can also be a good measure as a brick spalling treatment and the best repair as well.

 

Spalling bricks is the series problem, can turn the brick to a soft powder. But if one follows the prevention step, the huge problem can be avoided. Repair and the treatment of spalling bricks are very simple but must be carefully undertaken

 

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Concrete

Spalling Concrete: Spalling Concrete Causes ,prevention and Repair

 

What is spalling concrete ?

The word Spalling comes from spall means flakes of the material that are wrecked off of a larger solid body. When a source of the mixture, water enters into the solid structure at the foundation of concrete structure, it starts leaching deeper and deeper, causes the formation of cracks in the structure. The idea of spalling can be explained by the well-known phenomenon known as rusting. In rusting, there is oxidation reaction between air and the surface of the metal. Due to the presence of moisture in the air, the metal starts rusting. In the same way different atmospheric conditions like moisture content, increase in temperature, corrosion involves in the formation of the spalling of concrete.

spalling concrete
spalling concrete

There are different misconceptions in people regarding spalling of concrete- water could be the main culprit of spalling concrete. As concrete has three basic components: cement, aggregate, and water. The third ingredient, water sometimes added too much during the preparation of concrete which can cause spalling  .

Likewise, Corrosion of the reinforcement steel is the most common cause of spalling and excruciating in big concrete constructions. Steel reinforcement is castoff in concrete to provide strength to a material. The process known as the carbonation-natural deterioration process causes the reinforcement steel bars present in the concrete structure to corrode, which ultimately produces the flakes-spalling.

Spalling Concrete Causes

Before knowing about causes of spalling concrete, one should know that Spalling is disruption of the concrete exterior which frequently spreads to the top coatings of reinforcing steel. Spalls might be 150 mm in diameter and 25mm in depth. Here are some leading causes of spalling Concrete :

spalling concrete

1-    CORROSION OF EMBEDDED METALS:

As described earlier, steel uses for the reinforcement, so the corrosion of the steel and other embedded material cause the deterioration of the concrete. When steel rusts, the resultant corrosion occupies a larger volume than the steel. This expansion makes tensile stresses in the concrete, which can ultimately cause cracking.

2-    Exposure of reinforced concrete to chloride ions:

Exposure of reinforced concrete to chloride ions is another primary reason for the spalling deterioration of the concrete. The chances of spalling increase as the number of chlorine increases. If moisture is present at the threshold limit of chlorine, it causes series spalling-deterioration. The invasion of chloride ions into reinforced concrete can cause steel corrosion if oxygen and moisture are also available to sustain the reaction. Chlorides melted in water can infuse over complete concrete or spread the steel through cracks.

3-    Natural deterioration- Carbonation:

A slow process which occurs when carbon dioxide from the air enters the concrete and counters with hydroxides, such as calcium hydroxide, to form carbonates. So, spalling after a period of more than fifty years is due to the carbonation process.

4-    FREEZE-THAW DETERIORATION:

Water being the important constituent of the concrete plays a very curious role in the spalling also. If water freezes, it can expand by about 9%. As the water in humid concrete freezes, it yields pressure in the capillaries and pores of the concrete. If the pressure surpasses the tensile power of the concrete, the cavity will dilate and break.

5-    Expansion of the aggregates:

Expansion of the aggregate happens when it absorbs too much water. In this condition aggregates cannot accommodate in the prevailing weather conditions. As every material have its own water absorbing capacity, if it exceeds a certain limit it can be hazardous. So far, in all cases the main cause or leading cause of the deterioration and spalling is the water content.

6-    Chemical Attack:

Chemical attack can also deteriorate the concrete, the exposure of concrete to different environmental conditions like acid rain have series effects on the concrete. Acids in the acidic rain react with the surface of the structure and can produce spalling to high quality concrete. Apart from this Sulfate attack have also devastating impacts. Thaumasite may form in the sulfate outbreak in humid circumstances at temperatures typically between 0°C and 10°C (32°F to 50°F).

7-    Exposure to heat and fire:

Concrete can withstand every atmospheric condition but when it exposed to high heat and fire, sometimes, it can cause spalling. Scientists are now working to minimize the effects of heat and fire on the concrete. Here again, the role of admixture is very important. The admixture should be chosen with high resistant to heat and fire.

Disadvantage of spalling concrete

Spalling of concrete can be a series headache for the building owner. It takes years to collect money for some people to prepare homes, but this spalling can have diverse effects on the structure of the building, the structure can fall down- create a serious economic burden. If the average life of the concrete is 80-100 years, then due to spalling it can reduce to 50 years. So spalling concrete can decrease the half-life of the structure.

 

How to prevent spalling concrete

1-    Ingredients should be properly mixed.

2-    Selection of aggregate should be optimized.

3-    Can be escaped if the concrete is managed wisely.

4-    Give distinct care to the ends and corners of bare concrete.

5-    Spalling, judges earlier can tackle easily.

6-    Corrosion of fixed metals in concrete can be significantly minimized by placing crack-free concrete with low absorptivity and adequate concrete cove.

Spalling concrete repairs

spalling concrete repairs

As this article describes the causes of spalling of concrete, here we will tail about the repair steps. As thumb rule is to do remedy steps as one notice the spalling. To convey the fruitful repair, confirm that you eliminate the concrete about 1.5 inches profound. You should then fresh and eliminate the wreckage earlier the repair begins. The embedded steel, if suffering from corrosion should also be cleaned by different chemicals. One should ensure that new binding material should possess the same properties as of existing concrete. Apply of cement overly is also the best idea if spalling is on the horizontal surface.

Spalling concrete repairs Video

 

 

 

 

 

Spalling no doubt is an eye irritating process, but by applying some common rules and knowing the facts and causes of spalling, it can effectively reduce. Spalling can be natural and man-made; there are the prevention and repair steps which should be followed.

Reference :

http://flexkrete.com/concrete-repair/long-term-spalling-concrete-repair/

https://www.hdb.gov.sg/cs/infoweb/spalling-concrete

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Typical-damage-a-concrete-spalling-b-buckling-of-steel-cross-bracing-and-c_fig2_251993179

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Ultimate Stress Design Method And Its assumptions with Limitations

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Basic Of Civil Engineering

Working Stress Design Method And Its assumptions with Limitations-How To CiViL

 

Working Stress Design Method And Its assumptions with Limitations

 

Working Stress Design Method Definition:

Working Stress Design Method is a method used for the reinforced concrete design where concrete is assumed as elastic, steel and concrete act together elastically where the relation ship between loads and stresses is linear .

 

Assumptions of Working Stress Design Method

  1. Plane Section before bending will remain plane after bending
  2. Bond between steel and concrete is perfect with in elastic limit of steel
  3. The steel and concrete behaves as linear elastic material
  4. All tensile stresses are taken by reinforcement and none by concrete
  5. The stresses in steel and concrete are related by a factor known as “modular ratio
  6. The Stress-strain relationship of steel and concrete is a Straight line under working load

Limitations of working stress method :

  1. The assumptions of linear elastic behaviour and control of stresses within specially defined permissible stresses are unrealistic due to several reasons viz., creep, shrinkage and other long term effects, stress concentration and other secondary effects
  2. Different types of load acting simultaneously have different degrees of uncertainties. This cannot be taken into account in the working stress method
  3. The actual factor of safety is not known in this method of design. The partial safety factors in the limit state method is more realistic than the concept of permissible stresses in the working stress method to have factor of safety in the design.

IF anyone need to take credit please comments below .Thanks

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Basic Of Civil Engineering

Stress Strain Diagram For mild Steel and Concrete -HoW To CiViL

 

Stress Strain Diagram For mild Steel and Concrete and copper

Welcome to howtocivil .Today ,I discuss about two diagrams,

1. The Stress Strain Diagram For mild Steel and

2.Stress Strain Diagram For Concrete !

I explain  those diagrams in another Article . Ok ! let’s see the Stress Strain Diagram For mild Steel .

 

The Stress Strain Diagram For mild Steel

1.

 

2.

 

The Stress Strain Diagram For Concrete

1.

2.

 

stress strain diagram for Copper

 

If You have any Question Please comments below ! please share stress strain curve for mild steel and concrete and  copper

Reference : Quora ,Unsolved-Engineering,

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Basic Of Civil Engineering

Ultimate Stress Design Method And Its assumptions with Limitations

 

Ultimate Stress Design Method And Its assumptions with Limitations

 

Ultimate Stress Design Method :

Ultimate Strength Design method is used extensively and almost exclusively in many countries for structural design practice .The Working Stress Design (WSD) method designs RC sections assuming them to be within their elastic limits, where stresses are proportional to strains. Large margins or factors of safety are assumed on material strengths to ensure such behavior. It is equally, if not more important to predict the ultimate strength of RC sections so that they can be designed to resist the largest loads anticipated during their design lives. The materials are not expected to remain within their elastic limits at such high stresses. More realistic methods of analysis, based on actual inelastic behavior rather than assumed elastic behavior of materials and on results of extremely extensive experimental research, have been performed to predict the ultimate strengths .The Ultimate Strength Design (USD) method, derived from such works .

 

Assumptions of Ultimate Stress Design Method :

 

  1. Stress in reinforcement varies linearly with strain up to the specified yield strength. The stress remains constant beyond this point as strains continue increasing. This implies that the strain hardening of steel is ignored.
  2. Concrete sections are considered to have reached their flexural capacities when they develop 0.003 strain in the extreme compression fiber.
  3. Strains in reinforcement and concrete are directly proportional to the distance from neutral axis. This implies that the variation of strains across the section is linear, and unknown values can be computed from the known values of strain through a linear relationship.
  4.  Tensile strength of concrete is neglected.
  5.  Compressive stress distribution of concrete can be represented by the corresponding stress-strain relationship of concrete.

 

Limitations of Ultimate Strength Design Method :

 

Collapse of  FLEXURE,COMPRESSION,SHEAR,TORSION 

 

 

Reference : UAP BD ,Design for Flexure By Murat Saatcioglu,Quora

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Basic Of Civil Engineering

Difference Between WSD and USD Method -How To CiViL

 

Basic Difference between WSD and USD Method of Reinforced Concrete

Hello Everyone,Thank for your interest to read my article .Today I will share some Basic Differences of WSD(Working Stress Design )  Method and USD (Ultimate Stress Design)  Method of reinforced Concrete.

At First we need to know What is Exactly WSD and USD Method in reinforced Concrete  ?

You got the Basic Definition of Working Stress Design and Ultimate Stress Design and their Assumptions in my another articles .

WSD(Working Stress Design ) Definition and Assumption   and USD (Ultimate Stress Design)Defination and Assumption

 

The Difference between Working Stress Design and Ultimate Stress Design  method of Reinforced Concrete Are ,,

USD(Ultimate Stress Design)  MethodWSD(Working Stress Design) Method
Its primarily based on strength concept of ConcreteIts based on the linear theory or elastic theory .
Its Consider to Design  Critical Combination of load Its Consider to Design  carrying load
Its Designing to elastic behavior of materials . Its Designing to plastic behavior of materials
Materials strength to be used for member Design . Modular Ratio used for member Design
Stability of Structure is more then WSDStability of Structure is less then USD
Low Cost Design MethodHigh Cost Design Method

 

If you have any Question please comments below ! If you like The  Comparison of Working Stress Design and Ultimate Stress Design method then please share it .Thanks

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Basic Of Civil Engineering

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PIPE FLOW AND OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

The basic Differences between pipe flow and open channel Flow  are given below

Pipe Flow :

pipe-vs-open-channel

Open Channel Flow :

No.OPEN CHANNEL  FLOWPIPE FLOW
1Flow occurs due to gravity .Flow occurs due to different in pressure .
2The maximum velocity occurs at a little distance below the water surface.The maximum velocity occur at the center of the pipe .
3.Cross section of open channel can be trapezoidal, triangular,rectangular ,circular etc.Cross section of pipe generally round .
4.HGL(Hydralic Gradient Line ) coincide with water surface line.HGL(Hydralic Gradient Line ) do not coincide top surface of the water

I just add four basic difference between pipe flow and open channel flow here . If you want to add some please ,post your comment below .

Thanks !

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